tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44093024531433453312024-03-14T00:47:30.506-07:00illuminate's worldshabrinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03585040350692306999noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409302453143345331.post-5130139669128645112012-05-07T05:51:00.000-07:002012-05-07T06:03:19.943-07:00Demam Sore Hari<div style="color: magenta;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Sore Hari</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Skenario demam
sore hari</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seorang wanita 30 tahun, mengalami demam sejak 1 minggu yang lalu. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Demam </b>dirasakan lebih tinggi pada sore
dan malam hari dibandingkan pagi hari. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada pemeriksaan fisik</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> kesadaran <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">somnolen, </i></b>nadi<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> bradikardia, </i></b>suhu tubuh<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
hiperpireksia </i></b>(pengukuran jam 20.00 WIB), lidah terlihat </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">typhoid tongue</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Pada pemeriksaan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">widal</i></b> didapatkan titer
anti-salmonella typhi O </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">meningkat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Ibu tersebut bertanya kepada dokter bagaimana cara
pencegahan penyakitnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SASARAN BELAJAR </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang Demam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.1.Menjelaskan pengertian demam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.2.Menjelaskan klasifikasi demam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.3.Menjelaskan etiologi demam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.4.Menjelaskan pafisiologi demam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.2.
Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang Demam Tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.1.Menjelaskan pengertian demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.2.Menjelaskan etiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.3.Menjelaskan epidemiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.4.Menjelaskan patofisiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.5.Menjelaskan manifestasi klinis demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.6.Menjelaskan diagnosis demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.7.Menjelaskan penatalaksanaan demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.8.Menjelaskan komplikasi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LO.2.9.Menjelaskan
pencegahan demam tifoid </b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.3.
Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella
enterica</i></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.1.Menjelaskan morfologi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.2.Menjelaskan klasifikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LO.3.3.Menjelaskan
siklus hidup <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">LO.3.4.Menjelaskan
gangguan klinis oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI 4. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memahami
dan menjelaskan tentang antibiotika untuk kuman penyebab demam tifoid</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO 4.1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Definisi Antibiotik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO 4.2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Macam-macam
Antibiotik yang Digunaka</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO 4.3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antibiotik yang
Efektif bagi Penderita Demam
Tifoid</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO 4.4 </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Efek
Samping Obat yang Digunaka</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">n</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO 4.5. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kontra
Indikasi dari Obat yang Digunakan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.1. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang Demam</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.1.Menjelaskan pengertian demam</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam adalah
kenaikan suhu tubuh dari normalnya yang ditengahi oleh kenaikan titik-ambang
regulasi panas hipotalamus. Pusat regulasi/pengatur panas hipotalamus mengendalikan
suhu tubuh dengan menyeimbangkan sinyal dari reseptor neuronal perifer dingin
dan panas.Dimana suhu dapat diukur melalui axila ,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">oral,dan rectal .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. Terdapat
perbedaan antara pengukuran suhu di aksila dan oral maupun rektal. Dalam
keadaan biasa perbedaan ini berkisar sekitar 0.5ºC; suhu rektal lebih tinggi
daripada suhu oral. Suhu tubuh mengikuti irama sirkadian: suhu pada dini hari
rendah, dan suhu tertinggi terjadi pada pukul 16.00-18.00 .</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempat pengukuran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis termometer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rentang; rerata
suhu normal (<sup>o</sup>C)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Demam </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(<sup>o</sup>C)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksila</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air raksa, elektronik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">34,7 – 37,3; 36,4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37,4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sublingual</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air raksa, elektronik</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">35,5 – 37,5; 36,6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37,6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rektal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air raksa, elektronik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">36,6 – 37,9; 37</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">38</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Telinga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 113.4pt;" width="151"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emisi infra merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.25pt;" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 8.8pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">35,7 – 37,5; 36,6</span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt; mso-border-color-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.9pt;" width="61"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">37,6</span></div>
</td>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.2.Menjelaskan klasifikasi demam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa pola
demam yang mungkin kita jumpai, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Septik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada tipe demam
septik, suhu badan berangsur naik ke tingkat yang tinggi sekali pada malam hari
dan turun kembali ke tingkat di atas normal pada pagi hari. Bila demam yang
tinggi tersebut turun ke tingkat yang normal dinamakan juga demam hetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Remiten</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada tipe demam
remiten, suhu badan dapat turun setiap hari tetapi tidak pernah mencapai suhu
badan normal. Perbedaan suhu yang mungkin tercatat dapat mencapai dua derajat
dan tidak sebesar perbedaan suhu yang dicatat pada demam septik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Intermiten</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada tipe demam
intermiten, suhu badan turun ke tingkat yang normal selama beberapa jam dalam
satu hari. Bila demam seperti ini terjadi setiap dua hari sekali disebut
tersiana dan bila terjadi dua hari bebas demam diantara dua serangan demam
disebut kuartana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Kontinyu </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada demam
kontinyu variasi suhu sepanjang hari tidak berbeda lebih dari satu derajat.
Pada tingkat demam terus menerus tinggi sekali disebut hiperpireksia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam Siklik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada demam
siklik terjadi kenaikan suhu badan selama beberapa hari yang diikuti oleh
periode bebas demam untuk beberapa hari yang kemudian diikuti oleh kenaikan
suhu seperti semula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Relapsing</span></i></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> <b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fever</i></b> dan <b>demam periodik</b>:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam periodik</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ditandai oleh episode demam
berulang dengan interval regular atau irregular. Tiap episode diikuti satu
sampai beberapa hari, beberapa minggu atau beberapa bulan suhu normal. Contoh
yang dapat dilihat adalah malaria (istilah tertiana digunakan bila demam
terjadi setiap hari ke-3, kuartana bila demam terjadi setiap hari ke-4) (<b>Gambar
5.</b>)dan brucellosis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="113" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="164" /> <img height="112" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="147" /> <img height="115" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="163" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 5. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pola demam malaria </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12pt;">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Relapsing fever</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">adalah istilah
yang biasa dipakai untuk demam rekuren
yang disebabkan oleh sejumlah spesies Borrelia (<b>Gambar 6.</b>)dan ditularkan
oleh kutu (louse-borne RF) atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tick</i>
(tick-borne RF). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="110" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="431" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 6. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pola demam Borreliosis (pola demam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">relapsing</i>) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" width="206"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Klasifikasi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" width="227"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebab tersering</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.75pt;" width="136"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lama demam pada umumnya</span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing signs</i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi saluran nafas atas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.75pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><1 minggu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Demam tanpa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing signs</i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi virus, infeksi
saluran kemih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.75pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><1minggu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.25pt;" width="206"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fever of
unknown origin</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 170.1pt;" width="227"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Infeksi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">juvenile idiopathic arthritis</i></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 101.75pt;" width="136"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">>1 minggu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing
signs</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit
demam yang paling sering ditemukan pada praktek pediatrik berada pada kategori
ini (<b>Tabel 5.</b>). Demam biasanya berlangsung singkat, baik karena mereda
secara spontan atau karena pengobatan spesifik seperti pemberian antibiotik.
Diagnosis dapat ditegakkan melalui anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik dan
dipastikan dengan pemeriksaan sederhana seperti pemeriksaan foto <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rontgen </i>dada.<sup>1</sup> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 5. </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebab utama demam karena penyakit <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localized
signs</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kelompok</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Infeksi saluran nafas atas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ISPA virus, otitis media, tonsillitis, laryngitis, stomatitis herpetika</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pulmonal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bronkiolitis, pneumonia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gastrointestinal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gastroenteritis, hepatitis, appendisitis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sistem saraf pusat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Meningitis, encephalitis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Eksantem</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Campak, cacar air</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kolagen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rheumathoid arthritis</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">, penyakit Kawasaki</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Neoplasma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Leukemia, lymphoma</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 125.9pt;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tropis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 300.2pt;" valign="top" width="400"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kala azar, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cickle cell anemia</i></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam tanpa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing
signs</i> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sekitar 20%
dari keseluruhan episode demam menunjukkan tidak ditemukannya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing signs</i> pada saat terjadi.
Penyebab tersering adalah infeksi virus, terutama terjadi selama beberapa tahun
pertama kehidupan. Infeksi seperti ini harus dipikirkan hanya setelah
menyingkirkan infeksi saluran kemih dan bakteremia. <b>Tabel 6.</b> menunjukan
penyebab paling sering kelompok ini.<sup>1</sup> Demam tanpa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing signs </i>umumnya memiliki awitan
akut, berlangsung kurang dari 1 minggu, dan merupakan sebuah dilema diagnostik
yang sering dihadapi oleh dokter anak dalam merawat anak berusia kurang dari 36
bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 6.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Penyebab umum demam tanpa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing
signs</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebab</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FDE9D9; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Petunjuk diagnosis</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Infeksi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Bakteremia/sepsis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagian besar virus (HH-6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Infeksi saluran kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Malaria</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tampak sakit, CRP tinggi, leukositosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tampak baik, CRP normal, leukosit normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dipstik urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Di daerah malaria</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PUO (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">persistent pyrexia of
unknown origin</i>) atau FUO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pre-articular, ruam, splenomegali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">antinuclear
factor</i> tinggi, CRP tinggi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pasca vaksinasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksinasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">triple</i>, campak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Waktu demam terjadi berhubungan dengan waktu vaksinasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Drug fever</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagian besar obat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Riwayat minum obat, diagnosis eksklusi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persistent Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Istilah ini
biasanya digunakan bila demam tanpa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">localizing
signs</i> bertahan selama 1 minggu dimana dalam kurun waktu tersebut evaluasi
di rumah sakit gagal mendeteksi penyebabnya. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persistent pyrexia of unknown origin</i>, atau lebih dikenal sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fever of unknown origin </i>(FUO)
didefinisikan sebagai demam yang berlangsung selama minimal 3 minggu dan tidak
ada kepastian diagnosis setelah investigasi 1 minggu di rumah sakit.<sup>1</sup>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.3.Menjelaskan etiologi demam</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Petunjuk diagnosis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bakteremia/sepsis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagian besar virus (HH-6)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi saluran kemih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Malaria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tampak sakit, CRP tinggi, leukositosis</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tampak baik, CRP normal, leukosit normal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dipstik urine</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Di daerah malaria</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PUO (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">persistent
pyrexia of unknown origin</i>) atau FUO</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Juvenile
idiopathic arthritis</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pre-articular, ruam, splenomegali, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">antinuclear factor</i> tinggi, CRP tinggi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasca vaksinasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vaksinasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">triple</i>, campak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu demam terjadi berhubungan dengan
waktu vaksinasi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 90.45pt;" valign="top" width="121"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Drug
fever</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 134.7pt;" valign="top" width="180"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagian besar obat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 200.95pt;" valign="top" width="268"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Riwayat minum obat, diagnosis eksklusi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab Umum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi
virus dan bakteri;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Flu dan
masuk angina</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Radang
tenggorokan;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi
telinga</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diare
disebabkan bakterial atau diare disebabkan virus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bronkitis
akut, Infeksi saluran kencing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi
saluran pernafasan atas (seperti amandel, radang faring atau radang laring)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Obat-obatan
tertentu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kadang-kadang
disebabkan oleh masalah-masalah yang lebih serius seperti pneumonia, radang
usus buntu, TBC, dan radang selaput otak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Demam
dapat terjadi pada bayi yang diberi baju berlebihan pada musim panas atau pada
lingkungan yang panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab-penyebab
lain: penyakit rheumatoid, penyakit otoimun, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis,
Lupus erythematosus, Periarteritis nodosa, infeksi HIV dan AIDS, Inflammatory
bowel disease, Regional enteritis, Ulcerative colitis, Kanker, Leukemia,
Neuroblastoma, penyakit Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab Khusus</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Set point
hipotalamus meningkat</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pirogen endogen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Infeksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Keganasan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Alergi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Panas karena steroid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Penyakit kolagen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit atau zat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kerusakan susunan saraf
pusat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Keracunan DDT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Racun kalajengking</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Penyinaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keracunan epinefrin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="2" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Set point
hipotalamus normal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan panas
melebihi pengeluaran panas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hipertermia malignan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hipertiroidisme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hipernatremia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keracunan aspirin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkungan lebih panas dari pada pengeluaran panas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mandi sauna berlebihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Panas di pabrik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pakaian berlebihan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengeluaran panas tidak
baik (rusak)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Displasia ektoderm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kombusio (terbakar)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keracunan phenothiazine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Heat stroke</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ol start="3" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Rusaknya
pusat pengatur suhu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyakit yang langsung
menyerang set point hipotalamus:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ensefalitis/ meningitis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Trauma kepala</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perdarahan di kepala
yang hebat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyinaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.1.4.Menjelaskan pafisiologi demam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam mengacu pada peningkatan suhu tubuh akibat dari
peradangan atau infeksi. Proses perubahan suhu yang terjadi saat tubuh dalam
keadaan sakit lebih dikarenakan oleh zat toksin yang masuk kedalam tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Umumnya, keadaan sakit terjadi karena
adanya proses peradangan (inflamasi) di dalam tubuh. Proses peradangan itu
sendiri sebenarnya merupakan mekanisme pertahanan dasar tubuh terhadap adanya
serangan yang mengancam keadaan fisiologis tubuh. Proses peradangan diawali
dengan masuknya zat toksin (mikroorganisme) kedalam tubuh kita. Mikroorganisme
(MO) yang masuk kedalam tubuh umumnya memiliki suatu zat toksin tertentu yang
dikenal sebagai pirogen eksogen. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dengan masuknya MO tersebut, tubuh akan
berusaha melawan dan mencegahnya dengan pertahanan tubuh antara lain berupa
leukosit, makrofag, dan limfosit untuk memakannya (fagositosit). Dengan adanya
proses fagositosit ini, tubuh akan
mengeluarkan senjata, berupa zat kimia yang dikenal sebagai pirogen endogen
(khususnya IL-1) yang berfungsi sebagai anti infeksi. Pirogen endogen yang
keluar, selanjutnya akan merangsang sel-sel endotel hipotalamus untuk
mengeluarkan suatu substansi yakni asam arakhidonat. Asam arakhidonat dapat
keluar dengan adanya bantuan enzim fosfolipase A2. Asam arakhidonat yang
dikeluarkan oleh hipotalamus akan pemacu pengeluaran prostaglandin (PGE<sub>2</sub>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengeluaran prostaglandin dibantu oleh
enzim siklooksigenase (COX). Pengeluaran prostaglandin akan mempengaruhi kerja
dari termostat hipotalamus. Sebagai kompensasinya, hipotalamus akan meningkatkan
titik patokan suhu tubuh (di atas suhu normal). Adanya peningkatan titik
patokan ini dikarenakan termostat tubuh (hipotalamus) merasa bahwa suhu tubuh
sekarang dibawah batas normal. Akibatnya terjadilah respon dingin/ menggigil.
Selain itu vasokontriksi kulit juga berlangsung untuk mengurangi pengeluaran
panas. Kedua mekanisme tersebut mendorong suhu naik. Adanya proses menggigil (
pergerakan otot rangka) ini ditujukan untuk menghasilkan panas tubuh yang lebih
banyak. Dan terjadilah demam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="302" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="403" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 22.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menjelaskan
manifestasi demam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tergantung dari
apa yang menyebabkan demam, gejala yang sering menyertai demam antara lain:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Berkeringat</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Menggigil</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sakit kepala</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nyeri otot</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nafsu makan menurun</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Lemas</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dehidrasi</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam yang sangat tinggi, lebih dari
39 derajat celcius, dapat menyebabkan:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Halusinasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kejang</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.2.
Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang Demam Tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.1.Menjelaskan pengertian demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam tifoid
adalah suatu penyakit infeksi sistemik bersifat akut yang disebabkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella typhi</i>. Penyakit infeksi akut
yang biasanya terdapat pada saluran pencernaan dengan gejala demam. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat demam adalah meningkat perlahan-lahan dan terutama
pada sore hingga malam hari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">dan ditandai oleh panas berkepanjangan, ditopang
dengan bakteremia tanpa keterlibatan struktur endotelial atau endokardial dan
invasi bakteri sekaligus multiplikasi ke sel fagosit manonuklear dari hati,
limpa, kelenjar limfe dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Payer’s patch.</i>(
Sumarmo et al , 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam tifoid masih merupakan
salah satu masalah kesehatan yang penting di Indonesia. Penyakit ini merupakan
penyakit menular yang dapat menyerang banyak orang sehingga dapat menimbulkan
wabah. Di Indonesia, demam tifoid bersifat endemik. Penderita dewasa muda
sering mengalami komplikasi berat berupa perdarahan dan perforasi usus yang
tidak jarang berakhir dengan kematian. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.2.Menjelaskan etiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam tifoid disebabkan oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella typhi</i> yang merupakan basil Gram-negatif, mempunyai
flagel, tidak berkapsul, tidak membentuk spora, fakulatif anaerob, Kebanyakkan
strain meragikan glukosa, manosa dan manitol untuk menghasilkan asam dan gas,
tetapi tidak meragikan laktosa dan sukrosa. Organisme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella typhi</i> tumbuh secara aerob dan mampu tumbuh secara
anaerob fakultatif. Kebanyakan spesies resistent terhadap agen fisik namun
dapat dibunuh dengan pemanasan sampai 54,4º C (130º F) selama 1 jam atau 60 º C
(140 º F) selama 15 menit. Salmonella tetap dapat hidup pada suhu ruang dan
suhu yang rendah selama beberapa hari dan dapat bertahan hidup selama
berminggu-minggu dalam sampah, bahan makanan kering dan bahan tinja. (Karnasih
et al, 1994)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kuman ini
mempunyai 3 macam antigen, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antigen
O (somatik), terletak pada lapisan luar, yang mempunyai komponen protein,
lipopolisakarida dan lipid. Sering disebut endotoksin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antigen
H (flagela), terdapat pada flagela, fimbriae danpili dari kuman, berstruktur
kimia protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Antigen
Vi (antigen permukaan), pada selaput dinding kuman untuk melindungi fagositosis
dan berstruktur kimia protein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella
typhi </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">juga
dapat memperoleh plasmid faktor-R yang berkaitan dengan resistensi terhadap
multipel antibiotik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.3.Menjelaskan epidemiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Demam
tifoid adalah infeksi sistemik yang disebabkan oleh serotipe <i>Salmonella</i>
Typhi <i>enterica (S. typhi).</i> Penyakit ini masih merupakan masalah
kesehatan masyarakat di negara-negara berkembang. Pada tahun 2000, diperkirakan
bahwa lebih dari 2.16 juta jiwa di seluruh dunia terjadi tipus, mengakibatkan
216.000 kematian, dan bahwa lebih dari 90% dari morbiditas dan kematian ini
terjadi di Asia. Walaupun peningkatan kualitas air dan sanitasi merupakan
solusi akhir untuk masalah ini , vaksinasi di daerah berisiko tinggi adalah
strategi pengendalian yang potensial yang direkomendasikan oleh WHO. Faktor
distribusi demam tifoid dipengaruhi oleh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebaran
Geografis dan Musim</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kasus-kasus demam tifoid terdapat hampir di seluruh bagian
dunia. Penyebarannya tidak bergantung pada iklim maupun musim. Penyakit itu
sering merebak di daerah yang kebersihan lingkungan dan pribadi kurang
diperhatikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Penyebaran Usia dan Jenis Kelamin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Siapa saja bisa terkena penyakit itu tidak ada perbedaan
antara jenis kelamin lelaki atau perempuan. Umumnya penyakit itu lebih sering
diderita anak-anak. Orang dewasa sering mengalami dengan gejala yang tidak
khas, kemudian menghilang atau sembuh sendiri. Persentase penderita dengan usia
di atas 12 tahun seperti bisa dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta; margin-left: 27.9pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #C0504D; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Usia</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C0504D; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border-top: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.75pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">%</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12-
29 tahun</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.75pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.75pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l30 level2 lfo15; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -27.75pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">70-80</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-left: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">30-
39 tahun</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.75pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10-20</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-right: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 152.75pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">>
40 tahun</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #C0504D 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent2; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 202.75pt;" valign="top" width="270"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5-10</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.4.Menjelaskan patofisiologi demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Makanan dan minuman yang
terkontaminasi merupakan mekanisme transmisi Salmonella, termasuk <i>S. typhi. </i>Khususnya
<i>S. typhi, </i>carrier manusia adalah sumber infeksi. <i>S. typhi</i> bisa
berada dalam air, es, debu, sampah kering, yang bila organisme ini masuk ke
dalam <i>vehicle</i> yang cocok (daging, kerang, dan sebagainya) akan
berkembang biak mencapai dosis infektif </span></div>
<ul style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella thypi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> masuk ke
tubuh manusia melalui makanan dan air yang tercemar. Sebagian kuman
dimusnahkan oleh asam lambung dan sebagian lagi masuk ke usus halus dan
mencapai jaringan limfoid plak peyeri di ileum terminalis yang hipertropi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Bila terjadi komplikasi pendarahan dan
perforasi intestinal, kuman menembus lamina propia. Masuk aliran limfe
mencapai kelenjar limfe mesenterial dan masuk ke aliran darah melalui
duktus torasikus. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella thypi</i>
lain dapat mencapai hati melalui sirkulasi portal dari usus. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella thypi</i> bersarang di plak
peyeri, limpa, hati dan bagian-bagian lain sistem retikuloendotelial.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Endotoksin salmonella thypi berperan
dalam proses inflamasi lokal pada jaringan tempay kumantersebut berkembang
biak. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella thypi</i> dan
endotoksinnya merangsang sintesis dan pelepasan zat pirogen danleukosit
pada jaringan yang meradang sehingga terjadi demam.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="295" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="391" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.5.Menjelaskan manifestasi klinis demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gejala
klinis demam tifoid sangat bervariasi, dari gejala klinis ringan tidak
memerlukan perawatan khusus sampai gejala klinis berat dan memerlukan perawatan
khusus. Variasi gejala ini disebabkan faktor galur Salmonela, status nutrisi
dan imunologik pejamu serta lama sakit dirumahnya. ( Sumarmo et al, 2010)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
minggu pertama setelah melewati masa inkubasi 10-14 hari, gejala penyakit itu
pada awalnya sama dengan penyakit infeksi akut yang lain, seperti demam tinggi
yang berkepanjangan yaitu setinggi 39º C hingga 40º C, sakit kepala, pusing,
pegal-pegal, anoreksia, mual, muntah, batuk, dengan nadi antara 80-100 kali
permenit, denyut lemah, pernapasan semakin cepat dengan gambaran bronkitis
kataral, perut kembung dan merasa tak enak, sedangkan diare dan sembelit silih
berganti. Pada akhir minggu pertama, diare lebih sering terjadi. Khas lidah
pada penderita adalah kotor di tengah, tepi dan ujung merah serta bergetar atau
tremor. Epistaksis dapat dialami oleh penderita sedangkan tenggorokan terasa
kering dan meradang. Ruam kulit (rash) umumnya terjadi pada hari ketujuh dan
terbatas pada abdomen di salah satu sisi dan tidak merata, bercak-bercak ros
(roseola) berlangsung 3-5 hari, kemudian hilang dengan sempurna. Jika pada
minggu pertama, suhu tubuh berangsur-angsur meningkat setiap hari, yang
biasanya menurun pada pagi hari kemudian meningkat pada sore atau malam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
minggu kedua suhu tubuh penderita terus menerus dalam keadaan tinggi (demam).
Suhu badan yang tinggi, dengan penurunan sedikit pada pagi hari berlangsung.
Terjadi perlambatan relatif nadi penderita.Yang semestinya nadi meningkat
bersama dengan peningkatan suhu, saat ini relatif nadi lebih lambat
dibandingkan peningkatan suhu tubuh. Umumnya terjadi gangguan pendengaran,
lidah tampak kering, nadi semakin cepat sedangkan tekanan darah menurun, diare
yang meningkat dan berwarna gelap, pembesaran hati dan limpa, perut kembung dan
sering berbunyi, gangguan kesadaran, mengantuk terus menerus, dan mulai kacau
jika berkomunikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
minggu ketiga suhu tubuh berangsur-angsur turun, dan normal kembali di akhir
minggu. Hal itu terjadi jika tanpa komplikasi atau berhasil diobati. Bila
keadaan membaik, gejala-gejala akan berkurang dan temperatur mulai turun.
Meskipun demikian justru pada saat ini komplikasi perdarahan dan perforasi
cenderung untuk terjadi, akibat lepasnya kerak dari ulkus. Sebaliknya jika
keadaan makin memburuk, dimana septikemia memberat dengan terjadinya
tanda-tanda khas berupa delirium atau stupor, otot-otot bergerak terus,
inkontinensia alvi dan inkontinensia urin. Tekanan abdomen sangat meningkat
diikuti dengan nyeri perut. Penderita kemudian mengalami kolaps. Jika denyut
nadi sangat meningkat disertai oleh peritonitis lokal maupun umum, maka hal ini
menunjukkan telah terjadinya perforasi usus sedangkan keringat dingin, gelisah,
sukar bernapas, dan kolaps dari nadi yang teraba denyutnya memberi gambaran
adanya perdarahan. Degenerasi miokardial toksik merupakan penyebab umum dari
terjadinya kematian penderita demam tifoid pada minggu ketiga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Minggu
keempat merupakan stadium penyembuhan meskipun pada awal minggu ini dapat
dijumpai adanya pneumonia lobar atau tromboflebitis vena femoralis. Pada mereka
yang mendapatkan infeksi ringan dengan demikian juga hanya menghasilkan
kekebalan yang lemah, kekambuhan dapat terjadi dan berlangsung dalam waktu yang
pendek. Kekambuhan dapat lebih ringan dari serangan primer tetapi dapat
menimbulkan gejala lebih berat daripada infeksi primer tersebut. Sepuluh persen
dari demam tifoid yang tidak diobati akan mengakibatkan timbulnya relaps.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.6.Menjelaskan diagnosis demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium</span></b></li>
</ol>
</ol>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemeriksaan
Laboratorium meliputi pemeriksaan hematologi, urinalis, kimia
klinik,imunoreologi, mikrobiologi, dan biologi molekular. Pemeriksaan ini
ditujukan untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis (adakalanya bahkan menjadi
penentu diagnosis), menetapkan prognosis, memantau perjalanan penyakit dan hasil
pengobatan serta timbulnya penyulit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hematologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kadar hemoglobin
dapat normal atau menurun bila terjadi penyulit perdarahan usus atau perforasi.
Pemeriksaan darah dilakukan pada biakan kuman (paling tinggi pada minggu I
sakit), diagnosis pasti Demam Tifoid. (Minggu I : 80-90%, minggu II : 20-25%,
minggu III : 10-15%) Hitung leukosit sering rendah (leukopenia), tetapi dapat
pula normal atau tinggi. Hitung jenis leukosit: sering neutropenia dengan
limfositosis relatif. LED meningkat (Djoko, 2009)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Urinalis</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tes
Diazo Positif : Urine + Reagens Diazo + beberapa tetes ammonia 30% (dalam
tabung reaksi)→dikocok→buih berwarna merah atau merah muda (Djoko, 2009)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Protein: bervariasi dari negatif sampai
positif (akibat demam).Leukosit dan eritrosit normal; bila meningkat
kemungkinan terjadi penyulit. Biakan kuman (paling tinggi pada minggu II/III
diagnosis pasti atau sakit “carrier” ( Sumarmo et al, 2010)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tinja (feses)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ditemukian banyak eritrosit dalam tinja
(Pra-Soup Stool), kadang-kadang darah (bloody stool). Biakan kuman (diagnosis
pasti atau carrier posttyphi) pada minggu II atau III sakit. (Sumarmo et al,
2010)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kimia Klinik</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Enzim
hati (SGOT, SGPT) sering meningkat dengan gambaran peradangan sampai hepatitis
akut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Serologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemeriksaan Widal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji widal dilakukan untuk deteksi antibodi terhadap kuman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.thypi</i>. Pada uji widal terjadi suatu
reaksi aglutinasi antara kuman <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.thypi</i>
dengan antibodi yang disebut aglutinin . Antigen yang digunakan pada uji widal
adalah suspensi Salmonella yang sudah dimatikan dan diolah di laboratorium.
Maksud uji Widal adalah untuk menentukan adanya aglutinin dalam serum penderita
tersangka demam tifoid yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aglutinin O (dari tubuh kuman)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aglutinin H (flagela kuman)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aglutinin Vi (simpai kuman)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dari ketiga aglutinin tersebut hanya aglutinin O dan H yang digunakan untuk
diagnosis demam tifoid. Semakin tinggi
titernya semakin besar kemungkinan terinfeksi kuman ini.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Widal dinyatakan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">positif</b> bila :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Titer O Widal I 1/320 atau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Titer O Widal II naik 4 kali lipat atau lebih dibanding titer O Widal
I atau Titer O Widal I (-) tetapi titer O II (+) berapapun angkanya.</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diagnosis Demam Tifoid /
Paratifoid dinyatakan bila a/titer O = 1/160 , bahkan mungkin sekali nilai
batas tersebut harus lebih tinggi mengingat penyakit demam tifoid ini endemis
di Indonesia. Titer O meningkat setelah akhir minggu. Melihat hal-hal di atas
maka permintaan tes widal ini pada penderita yang baru menderita demam beberapa
hari kurang tepat. Bila hasil reaktif (positif) maka kemungkinan besar bukan
disebabkan oleh penyakit saat itu tetapi dari kontak sebelumnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pemeriksaan Elisa Salmonella typhi/ paratyphi lgG
dan lgM</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 20.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Merupakan
uji imunologik yang lebih baru, yang dianggap lebih sensitif dan spesifik
dibandingkan uji Widal untuk mendeteksi Demam Tifoid/ Paratifoid. Sebagai tes
cepat (Rapid Test) hasilnya juga dapat segera di ketahui. Diagnosis Demam
Tifoid/ Paratyphoid dinyatakan 1/ bila lgM positif menandakan infeksi akut;
2/jika lgG positif menandakan pernah kontak/ pernah terinfeksi/ reinfeksi/
daerah endemik. ( John, 2008)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Mikrobiologi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uji
kultur merupakan baku emas (gold standard) untuk pemeriksaan demam
tiroid/paratifoid. Interpretasi hasil : jika hasil positif maka diagnosis pasti
untuk demam tifoid/ paratifoid. Sebalikanya jika hasil negatif, belum tentu
bukan demam tifoid/ paratifoid, karena hasil biakan negatif palsu dapat
disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu antara lain jumlah darah terlalu sedikit
kurang dari 2 mL), darah tidak segera dimasukan ke dalam medial Gall (darah
dibiarkan membeku dalam <i>spuit </i>sehingga kuman terperangkap di dalam
bekuan), saat pengambilan darah masih dalam minggu- 1 sakit, sudah mendapatkan
terapi antibiotika, dan sudah mendapat vaksinasi. Kekurangan uji ini adalah
hasilnya tidak dapat segera diketahui karena perlu waktu untuk pertumbuhan
kuman (biasanya positif antara 2-7 hari, bila belum ada pertumbuhan koloni
ditunggu sampai 7 hari). Pilihan bahan spesimen yang digunakan pada awal sakit
adalah darah, kemudian untuk stadium lanjut/ <i>carrier </i>digunakan urin dan
tinja. (Sumarmo et al, 2010)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biologi molekular</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">PCR
(<i>Polymerase Chain Reaction</i>) Metode ini mulai banyak dipergunakan. Pada
cara ini di lakukan perbanyakan DNA kuman yang kemudian diidentifikasi dengan
DNA probe yang spesifik. Kelebihan uji ini dapat mendeteksi kuman yang terdapat
dalam jumlah sedikit (sensitifitas tinggi) serta kekhasan (spesifitas) yang
tinggi pula. Spesimen yang digunakan dapat berupa darah, urin, cairan tubuh
lainnya serta jaringan biopsi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kriteria diagnosis yang biasa
digunakan adalah :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biakan
darah positif memastikan demam tifoid, tetapi biakan darah negative tidak
menyingkirkan demam tifoid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biakan
tinja positif menyokong diagnosis klinis demam tifoid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peningkatan
titer uji widal 4 kali lipat selama 2–3 minggu memastikan diagnosis demam
tifoid.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Reaksi
widal tunggal dengan titer antibodi Antigen O 1: 320 atau titer antigen H
1: 640 menyokong diagnosis demam tifoid pada pasien dengan gambaran klinis
yang khas .</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
beberapa pasien, uji widal tetap negatif pada pemeriksaan ulang walaupun
biakan darah positif. (Sumarmo, 2010)</span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.7.Menjelaskan penatalaksanaan demam tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perawatan dan pengobatan terhadap
penderita penyakit demam tifoid
bertujuan menghentikan invasi kuman, memperpendek perjalanan penyakit,
mencegah terjadinya komplikasi, serta mencegah agar tak kambuh kembali. Pengobatan
penyakit tifus dilakukan dengan jalan mengisolasi penderita dan melakukan
desinfeksi pakaian, feses dan urine untuk mencegah penularan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nonfarmakologis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sampai saat ini masih dianut
trilogi penatalaksanaan demam tifoid, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Istirahat dan perawatan, diet dan
terapi penunjang (simptomatik dan suportif), dan pemberian antimikroba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Istirahat
yang berupa tirah baring dan perawatan profesional bertujuan untuk mencegah
komplikasi. Tirah baring dengan perawatan sepenuhnya di tempat seperti makan, minum,mandi, buang air kecil,
buang air besar akan mempercepat masa penyembuhan. Dalam perawatan perlu sekali
dijaga kebersihan tempat tidur, pakaian, dan perlengkapan yang dipakai. (Djoko,
2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diet
dan terapi penunjang merupakan hal yang cukup penting dalam proses penyembuhan
penyakit demam tifoid, karena makanan yang kurang akan menurunkan keadaan umum
dan gizi penderita akan semakin turun dan proses penyembuhan akan menjadi lama.
Pemberian bubur saring bertujuan untukk menghindari komplikasi pendarahan
saluran cerna atau perforasi usus. (Djoko, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 38.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Farmakologis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Obat-obat antimikroba yang sering
digunakan untuk mengobati demam tifoid adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #C2D69B; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C2D69B; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Obat</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C2D69B; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dosis</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C2D69B; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent3; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rute</span></i></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">First-line
Antibiotics</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kloramfenikol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">500
mg 4x /hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral,
IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimetofrim
-Sulfametakzol</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">160/800
mg 2x/hari, 4-20 mg/kg bagi 2 dosis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral,
IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ampicillin/
Amoxycillin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1000-2000
mg 4x/hari ; 50-100 mg/kg , bagi 4 dosis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral,
IV, IM</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Second-line
Antibiotics</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(
Fluoroquinolon)</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Norfloxacin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 400 mg/hari selama 14 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciprofloxacin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 500 mg/hari selama 6 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral
, IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ofloxacin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2
x 400 mg/hari selama 7 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pefloxacin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">400
mg/hari selama 7 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral,
IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fleroxacin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">400
mg/hari selama 7 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cephalosporin</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ceftriaxon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1-2
gr/hari ; 50-75 mg/kg : dibagi 1-2 dosis selama 7-10 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IM,
IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cefotaxim</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1-2
gr/hari, 40-80 mg/hari: dibagi 2-3 dosis selama 14 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IM,
IV</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cefoperazon</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1-2
gr 2x/hari 50-100 mg/kg dibagi 2 dosis selama 14 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antibiotik
lainnya</span></i></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Aztreonam</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1
gr/ 2-4x/hari ; 50-70 mg/kg</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">IM</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Azithromycin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1
gr 1x/hari ; 5-10 mg/kg</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(RM.
Santillan, 2000)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengobatan
Demam Tifoid pada Wanita Hamil</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Persentase pengaruh antibiotik terhadap
S.typhi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightListAccent2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #FABF8F; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antibiotik</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FABF8F; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">%</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ceftriaxon</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">92.6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kloramfenikol</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">94.1</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tetrasiklin</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">100</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimetoprim- Sulfametoksazol</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">100</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciprofloksasin</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">100</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Levofloksasin</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">100</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> LO.2.8.Menjelaskan komplikasi demam
tifoid</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Beberapa
komplikasi yang dapat terjadi pada demam tifoid yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo23;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komplikasi intestinal</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komplikasi
didahului dengan penurunan suhu, tekanan darah dan peningkatan frekuensi nadi.<br />
Umumnya jarang terjadi, akan tetapi sering fatal, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perdarahan
usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dilaporkan dapat terjadi pada 1-10%
kasus demam tifoid anak. Bila sedikit hanya ditemukan jika dilakukan
pemeriksaan tinja dengan benzidin. Bila perdarahan banyak terjadi melena.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 40.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perforasi
usus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dilaporkan dapat
terjadi pada 0,5-3%. Timbul biasanya pada minggu ketiga atau setelah itu dan
terjadi pada bagian distal ileum. Perforasi yang tidak disertai peritonitis
hanya dapat ditemukan bila terdapat udara di rongga peritoneum, yaitu pekak
hati menghilang dan terdapat udara di antara hati dan diafragma pada foto rontgen
abdomen yang dibuat dalam keadaan tegak.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Peritonitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya
menyertai perforasi tetapi dapat terjadi tanpa perforasi usus. Ditemukan gejala
abdomen akut yaitu nyeri perut yang hebat, defance muskulare, dan nyeri pada
penekanan.</span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(Djoko, 2009)</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komplikasi
di luar usus (ekstraintestinal)</span></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Terjadi
karena lokalisasi peradangan akibat sepsis (bakteremia) yaitu meningitis,
kolesistitis, ensefelopati dan lain-lain. Terjadi karena infeksi sekunder,
yaitu bronkopneumonia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi kardiovaskuler : gagal
sirkulasi perifer, miokarditis, tromboflebitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi darah : anemia hemolitik,
trombositopenia, KID, rthritis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi paru : pneumonia, empiema,
pleuritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi hepatobilier : hepatitis,
kolesistitis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi ginjal : glumerolunofritis,
pielonefritis, perinefritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi tulang : osteomielitis,
periostitis, spondilitis, arthritis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 31.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Komplikasi neuropsikiatrik/tifoid toksik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(Djoko, 2009)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.2.9.Menjelaskan pencegahan demam tifoid </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LINGKUNGAN HIDUP</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Sediakan air minum yang memenuhi syarat. Misalnya,
diambil dari tempat yang higienis, seperti sumur dan produk minuman yang
terjamin. Jangan gunakan air yang sudah tercemar. Jangan lupa, masak air
terlebih dulu hingga mendidih (100 derajat C).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Pembuangan kotoran manusia harus pada tempatnya. Juga
jangan pernah membuangnya secara sembarangan sehingga mengundang lalat karena
lalat akan membawa bakteri Salmonella typhi. Terutama ke makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3. Bila di rumah banyak lalat, basmi hingga tuntas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DIRI SENDIRI</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1. Lakukan vaksinasi terhadap seluruh keluarga. Vaksinasi
dapat mencegah kuman masuk dan berkembang biak. Saat ini pencegahan terhadap
kuman Salmonella sudah bisa dilakukan dengan vaksinasi bernama chotipa
(cholera-tifoid-paratifoid) atau tipa (tifoid-paratifoid). Untuk anak usia 2
tahun yang masih rentan, bisa juga divaksinasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2. Menemukan dan mengawasi pengidap kuman (carrier).
Pengawasan diperlukan agar dia tidak lengah terhadap kuman yang dibawanya. Sebab
jika dia lengah, sewaktu-waktu penyakitnya akan kambuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dua vaksin yang aman dan efektif telah
mendapat lisensi dan sudah ada di pasaran. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Satu
vaksin berdasar subunit antigen tertentu dan yang lain berdasar bakteri (whole
cell) hidup dilemahkan. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin pertama, mengandung Vi polisakarida, diberikan
cukup sekali, subcutan atau intramuskular. Diberikan mulai usia > 2 tahun.
Re-imunisasi tiap 3 tahun. Kadar protektif bila mempunyai antibodi anti-Vi 1
µg/ml.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Vaksin Ty21a hidup dilemahkan diberikan secara oral, bentuk
kapsul enterocoated atau sirup. Diberikan 3 dosis, selang sehari pada perut
kosong. Untuk anak usia ≥ 5 tahun. Reimunisasi tiap tahun. Tidak boleh diberi
antibiotik selama kurun waktu 1 minggu sebelum sampai 1 minggu sesudah
imunisasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kebal Antibiotik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penelitian menunjukkan, kini banyak kuman Salmonella typhi
yang kebal terhadap antibiotika. Akhirnya, penyakit ini makin sulit
disembuhkan. Hanya saja, jika bakteri sudah menyerang otak, tetap akan membawa
dampak. Misalnya, kesadarannya berkurang, kurang cepat tanggap, dan lambat
dalam mengingat. Jadi, jangan sepelekan demam tifoid dan rawat anak baik-baik
jika ia terserang penyakit ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Makanan Yang Dianjurkan</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="color: magenta; margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Boleh semua jenis makanan, yang penting lunak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Makanan harus mudah dicerna, mengandung cukup cairan,
kalori, serat, tinggi protein dan vitamin, tidak merangsang dan tidak
menimbulkan banyak gas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Makanan saring/lunak diberikan selama istirahat.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jika kembali kontrol ke dokter dan disarankan makan
nasi yang lebih keras, harus dijalankan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk kembali ke makanan “normal”, lakukan secara
bertahap bersamaan dengan mobilisasi. Misalnya hari pertama makanan lunak,
hari ke-2 makanan lunak, hari ke-3 makanan biasa, dan seterusnya.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LI.3.
Memahami dan Menjelaskan tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella
enterica</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.1.Menjelaskan morfologi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbentuk
batang, tidak berspora, bersifat negatif pada pewarnaan Gram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukuran
<i>Salmonella </i>bervariasi 1–3,5 µm x 0,5–0,8 µm.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Besar
koloni rata-rata 2–4 mm.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">optimal
37,5<sup>o</sup>C) dan pH pertumbuhan 6–8.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mudah
tumbuh pada medium sederhana, misalnya garam empedu.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak
dapat tumbuh dalam larutan KCN. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Membentuk
asam dan kadang-kadang gas dari glukosa dan manosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghasikan
H<sub>2</sub>S.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antigen
O: bagian terluar dari lipopolisakarida dinding sel dan terdiri dari unit
polisakarida yang berulang. Beberapa polisakarida O-spesifik mengandung gula
yang unik. Antigan O resisten terhadap panas dan alkohol dan biasanya
terdeteksi oleh aglutinasi bakteri. Antibodi terhadap antigen O terutama adalah
IgM.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antigen
Vi atau K: terletak di luar antigen O, merupakan polisakarida dan yang lainnya
merupakan protein. Antigen K dapat mengganggu aglutinasi dengan antiserum O,
dan dapat berhubungan dengan virulensi. Dapat diidentifikasi dengan uji
pembengkakan kapsul dengan antiserum spesifik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antigen
H: terdapat di flagel dan didenaturasi atau dirusak oleh panas dan alkohol.
Antigen dipertahankan dengan memberikan formalin pada beberapa bakteri yang
motil. Antigen H beraglutinasi dengan anti-H</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan IgG. Penentu
dalam antigen H adalah fungsi sekuens asam amino pada protein flagel
(flagelin). Antigen H pada permukaan bakteri dapat mengganggu aglutinasi dengan
antibodi antigen O.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Organisme
dapat kehilangan antigen H dan menjadi tidak motil.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kehilangan
antigen O dapat menimbulkan perubahan bentuk koloni yang halus menjadi kasar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="336" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="554" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Antigen Vi atau </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagian besar isolat motil dengan flagel peritrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tumbuh
pada suasana aerob dan fakultatif anaerob pada suhu 15–41<sup>o</sup>C (suhu
pertumbuhan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">K
dapat hilang sebagian atau seluruhnya dalam proses transduksi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1.25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img height="149" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="172" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.2.Menjelaskan klasifikasi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kingdom : Bakteria</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Phylum : Proteobakteria</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Classis : Gamma proteobakteria</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ordo
: Enterobakteriales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Familia : Enterobakteriakceae</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Genus : Salmonella</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Species : Salmonella thyposa</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Klasifikasi salmonella sangat rumit
karena organisme tersebut merupakan rangkaian kesatuan dan bukan tertentu.
Anggota genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella</i> awalnya
diklasifikasikan berdasarkan epidemiologi, jangkauan pejamu, reaksi biokimia,
dan struktur antigen O, H, dan Vi. Terdapat lebih dari 2500 serotip <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella</i>, termasuk lebih dari 1400
dalam kelompok hibridasi DNA grup I yang dapat menginfeksi manusia. Hampir
semua <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella</i> yang menyebabkan
penyakit pada manusia dapat diidentifikasikan di laboraturium klinis melalui
pemeriksaan biokimia dan serologik.Serotip tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella
paratyphi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
A (serogrup A)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella
paratyphi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
B (serogrup B)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella
cholerasuis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
(serogrup C<sub>1</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 78pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Salmonella typhi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> (serogrup D)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penentuan serotipe didasarkan atas reaktivitas
antigen O dan antigen H bifasik. Berdasarkan penelitian hibridisasi DNA,
klasifikasi taksonomik resmi meliputi genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella</i>
dengan subspecies dan genus <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Arizona </i>dengan
subspesies.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh
rumus antigenik salmonella</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: magenta; margin-left: 36.9pt; width: 546px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Golongan O</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seriotip</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Formula antigenik</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S typhi</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9,12 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(vi):d:-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S paratyphi A</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,2,12:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">C<sub>1</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S choleraesuis</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6,7: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c:1,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S typhimurium</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,4,5,12:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">i:1,2</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">S enteritidis</span></i></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1,9,12:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">g,m:-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.3.Menjelaskan siklus hidup <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella enterica</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebaran dan Siklus hidup:
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Infeksi terjadi dari memakan makanan yang tercontaminasi dengan
feses yang terdapat bakteri <i>Sal. typhimurium </i>dari organisme pembawa
(hosts). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Setelah masuk dalam saluran pencernaan maka <i>Sal. typhimurium </i>menyerang
dinding usus yang menyebabkan kerusakan dan peradangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Infeksi dapat menyebar ke seluruh tubuh melalui aliran darah
karena dapat menembus dinding usus tadi ke organ-organ lain seperti hati,
paru-paru, limpa, tulang-tulang sendi, plasenta dan dapat menembusnya sehingga
menyerang fetus pada wanita atau hewan betina yang hamil, dan ke membran yang
menyelubungi otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Subtansi racun diproduksi oleh bakteri ini dan dapat dilepaskan
dan mempengaruhi keseimbangan tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Di dalam hewan atau manusia yang terinfeksi <i>Sal. typhimurium,
</i>pada fesesnya terdapat kumpulan <i>Sal. typhimurium </i>yang bisa bertahan
sampai berminggu-minggu atau berbulan-bulan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">• Bakteri ini tahan terhadap range yang lebar dari temperature
sehingga dapat bertahan hidup berbulan-bulan dalam tanah atau air. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan yang mengandung Salmonella belum
tentu menyebabkan infeksi Salmonella, tergantung dari jenis bakteri, jumlah dan
tingkat virulensi (sifat racun dari suatu mikroorganisma, dalah hal ini bakteri
Salmonella). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Misalnya saja Salmonella enteriditis baru menyebabkan gejala bila
sudah berkembang biak menjadi 100 000. Dalam jumlah ini keracunan yang terjadi
bisa saja menyebabkan kematian penderita. Salmonella typhimurium dengan jumlah
11.000 sudah dapat menimbulkan gejala. Jenis Salmonella lain ada yang menyebabkan
gejala hanya dengan jumlah 100 sampai 1000, bahkan dengan jumlah 50 sudah dapat
menyebabkan gejala. Perkembangan
Salmonella pada tubuh manusia dapat dihambat oleh asam lambung yang ada pada
tubuh kita. Disamping itu dapat dihambat pula oleh bakteri lain. Gejala dapat terjadi dengan cepat pada
anak-anak, bagaimanapun pada manusia dewasa gejala datang dengan perlahan. Pada
umumnya gejala tampak setelah 1-3 minggu setelah bakteri ini tertelan. Gejala
terinfeksi diawali dengan sakit perut dan diare yang disertai juga dengan panas
badan yang tinggi, perasaan mual, muntah, pusing-pusing dan dehidrasi. Gejala
yang timbul dapat berupa: tidak menunjukkan gejala (long-term carrier), adanya
perlawanan tubuh dan mudah terserang penyakit denga gejala: inkubasi (7-14 hari
setelah tertelan) tidak menunjukkan gejala, lalu terjadi diare.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">LO.3.4.Menjelaskan gangguan klinis oleh <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salmonella
enterica</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Gangguan Klinis</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 630px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #95B3D7; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Spesies</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #95B3D7; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 153; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyakit</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. parathypi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paratifoid
pada manusia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. abortivoequina</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Abortus pada kuda</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. schottmuelleri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Paratifoid pada manusia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. typhimurium</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gastroenteritis pada manusia dan berbagai infeksi
pada hewan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. cholerasius</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bakteri sekunder pada pes babi dan enteritis
nekrotika pada babi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. Newport</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi pada ternak dan manusia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. enteritidis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi pada hewan dan gastroenteritis pada hewan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. gallinarum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tifoid unggas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. pullorum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi unggas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. typhi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Demam tifoid pada manusia</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. Dublin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi pada ternak</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">S. anatum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.5in;" valign="top" width="432"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi pada bebek</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>shabrinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03585040350692306999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409302453143345331.post-9824657203106646762012-02-15T05:50:00.000-08:002012-02-18T22:26:07.139-08:00Cairan dan Larutan<div style="color: magenta;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian cairan dan larutan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan adalah bahan yang langsung mengalir secara alamiah,bukan padat atau gas [<i>Kimia Kedokteran Edisi 2]</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan adalah salah satu dari empat </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">fase benda</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume" title="Volume"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">volumenya</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> tetap dalam kondisi </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">suhu</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif";"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">tekanan</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> tetap dan bentuknya ditentukan oleh wadah penampungnya [<i>Wikipedia</i>]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Larutan adalah campuran homogen dari dua atau lebih macam zat yang terdiri dari solute (zat terlarut) dan solvent (pelarut) [<i>Kimia Kedokteran Edisi 2</i>]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Larutan adalah campuran homogen (komposisinya sama), serba sama (ukuran partikelnya), tidak ada bidang batas antara zat pelarut dengan zat terlarut (tidak dapat dibedakan secara langsung antara zat pelarut dengan zat terlarut), partikel- partikel penyusunnya berukuran sama (baik ion, atom, maupun molekul) dari dua zat atau lebih</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> [Kimia Larutan]</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis cairan dan larutan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-Jenis larutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan Fasanya</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; color: magenta; margin-left: 32.95pt; width: 661px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 32.35pt;"> <td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 32.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Solvent</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(Pelarut)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Solute</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">(Terlarut)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 32.35pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh campuran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alkohol</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Spiritus</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aseton</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asetilen</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat untuk las</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Air</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Garam</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Larutan garam</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Udara</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Minyak Wangi</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Spray</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">O<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">He</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas untuk mengelas</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">O<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Naftalen</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kamfer</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cd</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat cair</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hg</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Amalgam gigi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pd</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">H<sub>2</sub></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gas oven</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Au</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Zat padat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ag</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.9pt;" valign="top" width="151"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan Kejenuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a) Larutan tak jenuh yaitu larutan yang mengandung solute (zat terlarut) kurang dari yang diperlukan untuk membuat larutan jenuh. Atau dengan kata lain, larutan yang partikel- partikelnya tidak tepat habis bereaksi dengan pereaksi (masih bisa melarutkan zat). Larutan tak jenuh terjadi apabila bila hasil kali konsentrasi ion < Ksp berarti larutan belum jenuh ( masih dapat larut).</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b) Larutan jenuh yaitu suatu larutan yang mengandung sejumlah solute yang larut dan mengadakan kesetimbangn dengan solut padatnya. Atau dengan kata lain, larutan yang partikel- partikelnya tepat habis bereaksi dengan pereaksi (zat dengan konsentrasi maksimal). Larutan jenuh terjadi apabila bila hasil konsentrasi ion = Ksp berarti larutan tepat jenuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">c) Larutan sangat jenuh (kelewat jenuh) yaitu suatu larutan yang mengandung lebih banyak solute daripada yang diperlukan untuk larutan jenuh. Atau dengan kata lain, larutan yang tidak dapat lagi melarutkan zat terlarut sehingga terjadi endapan. Larutan sangat jenuh terjadi apabila bila hasil kali konsentrasi ion > Ksp berarti larutan lewat jenuh (mengendap).</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan Daya Hantar Listriknya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kekuatannya tergantung pada nilai koefisien ionisasinya (α)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> a)Elektrolit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dapat menghantarkan arus listrik - Kuat → α=1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> - lemah → 0 < α < 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> b)Non Elektrolit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tidak dapat menghantarkan arus listrik α = 0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan banyak sedikitnya zat terlarut </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">a)Larutan pekat yaitu larutan yang mengandung relatif lebih banyak solute dibanding solvent.</span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">b) Larutan encer yaitu larutan yang relatif lebih sedikit solute dibanding solvent. </span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-Jenis Cairan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan intraselular (CIS) : kurang lebih dua per tiga cairan tubuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan ekstraselular (CES) : sepertiga dari cairan tubuh</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri dari :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan interstitial adalah cairan disekitar tubuh sel dan limfe adalah cairan dalam pembuluh limfatik.Gabungan kedua cairan ini mencapai tiga per empat CES</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Plasma darah adalah bagian cair dari darah dan mencapai seperempat CES</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan transeluler,sekitar 1% samapi 3% berat badan,meliputi seluruh cairan tubuh yang dipisahkan dari CES oleh lapisan sel epitel.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan ini meliputi keringat,cairan serebrospinal,cairan sinovial,cairan dalam peritoneum,perikardium,dan rongga pleura,cairan dalam ruang-ruang mata dan cairan dalam system pencernaan,pernafasan,dan urinaria</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kelarutan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Suhu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk Campuran padat-cair pada umumnya :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">T > → Kelarutan ></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat solute dan solventnya</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berlaku aturan “like dissolve like”</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yakni suatu solute akan mudah larut dalam solvent yang punya sifat yang sama dengan solute,di mana solute polar mudah larut dalam solvent polar dan solute non polar mudah larut dalam solvent non polar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : garam dapur (polar) larut dalam air (polar)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sangat berpengaruh pada gas → di atur oleh Hukum Henry di mana gas-gas yang larut secara fisika → C = Kp</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh : Minuman Soda</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk padat / cair → tekanan tidak berubah (konstan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh ion sejenis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adanya ion sejenis dalam larutan akan mengurangi kelarutan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Perbedaan cairan dan larutan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan terdiri dari 1 zat,sedangkan larutan terdiri dari 2 zat atau lebih yang terdiri dari solute dan solvent</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div>shabrinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03585040350692306999noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4409302453143345331.post-74913273943200593492012-02-15T05:31:00.000-08:002012-02-15T05:44:51.772-08:00Dehidrasi<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: purple; font-size: large;">Definisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi adalah keadaan yang diakibatkan oleh hilangnya cairan tubuh yang berlebihan atau kekurangan air dalam suatu periode waktu yang tidak dapat diganti melalui mekanisme regulator normal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: purple; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Jenis-Jenis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi Hipertonik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Adalah hilangnya air yang lebih banyak daripada natrium. Ditandai dengan tingginya kadar natrium serum (> 145 mEq/L) dan peningkatan osmolalitas efektif serum (> 285 mOsmol/L).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi Isotonik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Adalah hilangnya air dan natrium dalam jumlah yang sama. Ditandai dengan normalnya kadar natrium serum (135-145 mEq/L) dan osmolalitas efektif serum (270-285 mOsmol/L)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi Hipotonik</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Adalah hilangnya natrium yang lebih banyak daripada air. Ditandai dengan rendahnya kadar natrium serum (< 135 mEq/L) dan osmolalitas efektif serum (< 270 mosmol/L)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi ditinjau dari defisit cairan dan elektrolit terdiri atas:</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">a)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi ringan (defisit 4% BB) </span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum sadar dan baik, rasa haus (+), sirkulasi darah/nadi normal, pernapasan biasa, mata agak cekung, turgor/tonus biasa, kencing biasa.</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">b)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi sedang (defisit 8% BB)</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum gelisah, rasa haus (++), sirkulasi darah/nadi cepat (120-140 kali/menit), pernapasan agak cepat, mata cekung, turgor/tonus agak berkurang, kencing sedikit.</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">c)</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi berat (defisit 12% BB)</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum apatis/koma, rasa haus (+), sirkulasi darah/nadi cepat sekali (lebih dari 140 kali/menit), pernapasan kusmaul (cepat dan dalam), mata cekung sekali, turgor dan tonus kurang sekali, kencing tidak ada.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: purple;">Penyebab</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab dehidrasi adalah peningkatan kehilangan cairan dan penurunan asupan cairan. Kehilangan cairan dapat melalui keringat yang keluar dalam jumlah banyak dan waktu yang lama, dapat juga melalui urin yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan obat diuretika, diabetes insipidus, dll, kemudian diare dan muntah-muntah juga dapat menjadi penyebabnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi juga dapat timbul akibat kondisi abnormal atau stress terjadi hemoragi,demam,luka bakar,hiperventilasi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: purple;">Gejala</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> Dehidrasi dapat menunjukkan gejala-gejala seperti :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 1.Rasa haus yang meningkat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 2.Berkurangnya jumlah buang air kecil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 3.Warna urin yang gelap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 4.Tidak mampu berkeringat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 5.Perubahan ortostatik pada keadaan berat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> Selain itu,keadaan klinis dari dehidrasi dapat dilihat dari pembagian dehidrasi,yakni :</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">a.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi ringan (defisit 4% BB) </span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum sadar dan baik, rasa haus (+), sirkulasi darah/nadi normal, pernapasan biasa, mata agak cekung, turgor/tonus biasa, kencing biasa.</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">b.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi sedang (defisit 8% BB)</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum gelisah, rasa haus (++), sirkulasi darah/nadi cepat (120-140 kali/menit), pernapasan agak cepat, mata cekung, turgor/tonus agak berkurang, kencing sedikit.</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;">c.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-size: large; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">Dehidrasi berat (defisit 12% BB)</span></div><div style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Keadaan umum apatis/koma, rasa haus (+), sirkulasi darah/nadi cepat sekali (lebih dari 140 kali/menit), pernapasan kusmaul (cepat dan dalam), mata cekung sekali, turgor dan tonus kurang sekali, kencing tidak ada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: purple;">Terapi</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi ringan diberikan cairan per oral,berupa oralit,larutan garam,air tajin,kuah sayur,atau cairan rumah tangga lainnya.Banyaknya cairan yang di anjurkan adalah 50 ml/kg BB,yang dapat diberikan dalam 4-6 jam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dehidrasi sedang diberikan cairan oralit per oral sebanyak 100 ml/kg BB selama 4-6 jam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Terapi untuk dehidrasi dibagi menjadi 2, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Terapi rehidrasi oral</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Pada dehidrasi ringan terapi cairan dapat diberikan secara oral sebanyak 1500-2500 ml/24 jam untuk kebutuhan dasar, ditambah dengan penggantian defisit cairan dan kehilangan cairan yang masih berlangsung.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi hipertonik : cairan yang dianjurkan adalah air atau minuman dengan kandungan sodium rendah, jus buah seperti apel, jeruk, dan anggur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi isotonik : cairan yang dianjurkan adalah air dan suplemen yang mengandung sodium (jus tomat), larutan isotonic yang ada di pasaran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi hipotonik : cairan yang dianjurkan seperti diatas tapi butuh kadar sodium yang lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Terapi rehidrasi parental</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Pada dehidrasi sedang sampai berat pasien tidak dapat minum per oral, selain pemberian cairan enternal dapat diberikan rehidrasi parental.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi hipertonik : gunakan cairan NaCl 0,45%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi isotonic : gunakan cairan NaCl 0,9%</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Dehidrasi hipotonik : penambahan diet natrium, pemberian cairan hipertonik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Untuk keperluan praktis,diperlukan pembagian fase terapi parental yakni:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Tahap inisial</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Tahap inisial hanya diperlukan bila terjadi deficit sirkulasi yang bermakna.Bila hal tersebut tidak ada,maka fase inisial ini hanya merupakan pemberian cairan yang lebih cepat daripada tahap lanjut,atau bahkan dapat ditiadakan sama sekali.Penekanan pada tahapninisial ditujukan untuk mengatasi atau mencegah ranjatan dengan cara mengganti volume plasma (intravascular),secara ideal cairan yang diberikan harus tetap ada dalam ruang intravascular.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> Cairan yang dianjurkan adalah yang mengandung natrium isotonic di tambah dengan larutan elektrolit lain sesuai dengan keperluannya.Larutan yang lazim dipakai sebagai cairan parental adalah larutan NaCl 0,9% dengan glukosa 5% aa,larutan NaCl 0,9% - glukosa 5% aa ditambah dengan larutan bikarbonat,atau cairan Ringer laktat – glukosa.Jumlah yang diberikan 20-30 ml/kg BB.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Tahap lanjut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Dalam tahap lanjut penekanan di tujukan pada pemulihan cairan interstitial.Untuk prinsip yang di gunakan adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">1.BJ plasma dengan rumus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 222px; margin-top: 18px; position: absolute; width: 115px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/Baphu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="115" /></span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Kebutuhan cairan = BJ plasma – 1.025 x berat badan x 4 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"> 0.001</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">2.Metode Pierce,berdasarkan klinis :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">-Dehidrasi ringan,kebutuhan cairan = 5% x BB (kg)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">-Dehidrasi sedang,kebutuhan cairan = 8% x BB (kg)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">-Dehidrasi berat,kebutuhan cairan = 10% x BB (kg)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: 0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian cairan untuk dehidrasi dapat melalui oral,eternal melalui selang nasogastrik / intravena.Bila dehidrasi sedang/berat sebaiknya diberikan cairan melalui infuse pembuluh darah.Sedangkan untuk dehidrasi ringan/sedang dapat diberikan cairan peroral atau selang nagogastrik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Adapun cairan-cairan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengobati dehidrasi adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">1.Cairan rehidrasi oral dengan komposisi:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- NaCl (0.9 % larutan saline) 390 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Glukosa (5% dalam air) 400 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- KCl (2 mEq/ml) 10 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- NaHCO<sub>3</sub> (1 mEq) 30 ml</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">- Air sampai 1 L</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">2.Cairan rehidrasi parenteral</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Cairan rehidrasi parenteral yang biasa digunakan adalah Ringer laktat,sebanyak 30 ml/kg BB dalam 1 jam pertama,di lanjutkan dengan 10 ml/kg BB/jam selama 7 jam berikutnya</span></div>shabrinahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03585040350692306999noreply@blogger.com0